Nutritional Qualities of the Low-Value Bivalve Mollusks Paphia malabarica and Villorita cyprinoides at the Estuarine Waters of the Southwestern Coast of India

The bivalve mollusks Paphia malabarica and Villorita cyprinoides collected from the estuarine system located in the southwest coastal waters of India were evaluated for their nutritional composition. A balanced essential to nonessential amino acid ratio (> 1.0) with a greater quantity of sulfur-containing amino acids in these species demonstrated that they could provide well-balanced protein depositions. The n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio in P. malabarica was found to be greater than 2, and, therefore, can be considered as a healthy diet. The C₂₀–C₂₂ long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids (for example, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid) accounted for more than 23% of the total fatty acid content in P. malabarica as compared to about 7% in V. cyprinoides. P. malabarica showed greater hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (1.7) and lesser atherogenicity (0.7), thrombogenicity (0.3) indices when contrasted with those in V. cyprinoides, thereby indicating the nutritional superiority of the former. A greater content of vitamin D₃ (> 150 IU), along with significant quantities of calcium and phosphorus (> 500 mg/100 g) in the clams, signified their importance in preventing osteoporosis. This study demonstrated the importance of bivalves, in particular, P. malabarica as a valued species for human consumption.     

不同因素对深澳湾波纹巴非蛤滤水率的影响

笔者于2013年12月采用实验生态学方法,在室内进行不同体质量不同投饵时间、不同饵料密度对波纹巴非蛤[Paphia undulata(Born)〗滤水率的影响实验。结果表明:(1)波纹巴非蛤的滤水率(FR)随着体质量的增大而增大,单位体质量的滤水率(FR')随着其规格的增大而减小,FR'=0.330 3W-0.356 9(R2=0.996 5)。(2)分别以金藻和扁藻作为饵料,测定了8:00,14:00及20:00这3个时间点的滤水率,滤水率在8:00最大,14:00及20:00依次减小,3个时间点滤水率差异显著(P0.05)。(3)以金藻和扁藻作为混合藻,滤水率随着藻密度的增加而增大,当浓度超过3.06×105cell·L-1,滤水率反而下降。     

铅对波纹巴非蛤的急性毒性和组织蓄积性研究

[目的]研究不同浓度Pb2+对波纹巴非蛤的急性毒性。[方法]采用水生动物急性毒性试验方法,研究了不同浓度(3.0~7.0mg/L)Pb2+对波纹巴非蛤(Paphia undulata)的急性毒性,分别对96 h半致死浓度(4.119 mg/L)和安全浓度(0.041 mg/L)下0~120 h各组织中Pb2+的蓄积量进行了测定。[结果]Pb2+对波纹巴非蛤24、48、72和96 h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为7.187、5.788、4.646和4.119 mg/L,安全浓度(SC)为0.041 mg/L。铅对波纹巴非蛤的毒性级别为高毒级(LC50为1~100 mg/L)。在96 h半致死浓度和安全浓度下,120 h波纹巴非蛤各组织Pb2+的蓄积量从大到小均依次为鳃、内脏、肌肉。[结论]食用波纹巴非蛤有一定的安全风险。     

碱性蛋白酶酶解波纹巴非蛤制备小分子肽

以波纹巴非蛤为原料,用碱性蛋白酶酶解波纹巴非蛤肉蛋白制备小分子肽,并运用响应面方法设计优化波纹巴非蛤酶解的工艺条件。结果表明:在pH值6.5、液固比为3∶1、酶含量为2.50%、酶解温度为50.4℃、酶解时间122.60 min的条件下,小分子肽的提取率最高、为63.04%。     

麒麟菜与贝类混养体系净化富营养化海水的研究

研究了热带亚热带类型双壳贝类沟纹巴非蛤(Paphia exarata Philippi) 和热带大型海藻异枝麒麟菜 (Kappaphycus striatum Schmitz) 净化富营养化海水的效果。发现沟纹巴非蛤和麒麟菜混养能有效地清除富营养化水体中的N、P和chla。影响综合评价指标、N清除率、P清除率和chla清除率的因素均为麒麟菜﹥贝;其中麒麟菜对各指标的影响均为极显著(P﹤0.01);贝对N清除率、chla清除率的影响为极显著(P﹤0.01),对综合评价指标、P清除率有一定影响,但不显著。最佳混养组合为：麒麟菜养殖量6Kg/m3、沟纹巴非蛤养殖量60只/m3（40g±2g/只）。     

波纹巴非蛤的形态分析与营养成分评价

文章分析了波纹巴非蛤（Paphia undulate）的形态性状、出肉率及蛤肉的主要营养成分，并综合评价了其营养价值。结果显示，波纹巴非蛤的出肉率达35．73％；蛤肉中蛋白质占鲜质量的12．8％；18种氨基酸总量约占干质量的46．21％，其中8种必需氨基酸（EAA）占氨基酸总量的34．67％，4种鲜味氨基酸占氨基酸总量的41．94％；牛磺酸（Tau）的质量分数较高，占干质量的3．03％；不饱和脂肪酸（UFA）占脂肪酸总量的51．9％，C22：6（DHA）和C20：5（EPA）共占32．8％；矿物质丰富，尤其是钾（K）元素的质量分数高达3．407mg·g-1。     

文蛤和波纹巴非蛤冷冻变性的比较研究

利用IMP热电偶测温系统及组织切片技术、食品化学特性的常用分析方法以及测定表征蛋白质变性的盐溶性蛋白溶解度和Ca2 ATPase活性,对文蛤和波纹巴非蛤在冷冻后的组织结构、食品化学特性、蛋白质变性的影响进行了比较研究。结果表明:冻结会使贝肉组织结构发生较大变化,水分流失,非蛋白氮显著增加,但冻结对贝肉蛋白质冷冻变性的影响不明显;在冻藏后贝肉蛋白质发生了较大变性。在相同冷冻条件下,文蛤在上述3方面受到的影响均比波纹巴非蛤受到的影响大,说明文蛤比波纹巴非蛤更容易发生冷冻变性。     

波纹巴非蛤活性肽的酶法提取及其抗氧化性研究

[目的]为波纹巴非蛤活性成分的提取分离及利用提供理论依据。[方法]以波纹巴非蛤为原料,采用木瓜蛋白酶水解法制备波纹巴非蛤活性肽复合物,并对所制备的活性肽复合物进行分离纯化,采用铁氰化钾法测定不同分子量区间的波纹巴非蛤活性肽复合物的抗氧化性。[结果]波纹巴非蛤活性肽复合物具有一定的还原能力,说明其具有一定的抗氧化活性;经2步葡聚糖凝胶色谱法结合双缩脲法和茚三酮法定性鉴定所得到的波纹巴非蛤活性肽的分子量多集中在2000～10000U之间,洗脱体积为30～50ml;波纹巴非蛤活性肽的抗氧化能力与其分子量大小有关,分子量为2065.4U的活性肽复合物抗氧化性最强。[结论]确定了抗氧化能力最强的波纹巴非蛤可溶性活性肽的分子量。     

On condition index and percentage edibiliy of the shortneck clam Paphia malabarica (Chemintz) from estuarine regions of Ratnagiri,west coast of India

Paphia malabarica is an important clam species, which has formed vast beds in the Kalbadevi estuary (Shirgaon creek) and Kajali estuary (Bhatye creek), Ratnagiri. They are exploited here commercially throughout the year for local as well as external markets due to the heavy demand. This study was undertaken to assess seasonal variations in the quality of the meat of clams by estimating the condition index and percentage edibility. Higher values were recorded during the monsoon (June–August). A rapid decline was observed in the edibility values from November onwards. Higher condition index and percentage edibility were recorded from June to November, indicating the high quality of clam meat.     

Effects of diet, stocking density and environmental factors on growth, survival and metamorphosis of clam, Paphia malabarica (Chemnitz) larvae

A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of diet, stocking density and environmental factors on the growth, survival and metamorphosis of short neck clam Paphia malabarica larvae. These experiments examined the following factors: diet [ Isochrysis galbana , Nannochloropsis salina and a mixture of I. galbana and N. salina (1:1 w/w)], stocking density (1, 3, 5 and 7 larvae mL⁻¹), light intensity (unshaded, partially shaded and fully shaded) and water filtration (unfiltered and sand filtered). Results indicated that N. salina could replace 50% of I. galbana as a food source for the clam larvae with an increase in growth, survival (47.2%), metamorphosis (33.5%) and early settlement. Larval growth decreased significantly with increasing stocking density. A density of 1–3 larvae mL⁻¹ appeared to be optimal for normal growth of clam larvae. Neither diet nor stocking density used in the study had a significant effect on larval survival. Under partially shaded (light intensity=1000–5000 lx) and fully shaded (light intensity <1000 lx) conditions, larval growth was significantly faster than under direct sunlight (unshaded). Larvae grew significantly faster in the unfiltered water than in the filtered water.